Pdf glutathione

Nephrol ; Dial Transplant. Plasma 6. Vaziri ND. Oxidative stress in uremia: nature, glutathione peroxidase deficiency caused by renal mechanisms, and potential consequences. Semin dysfunction. Analysis of Young IS. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity is reduced glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clin in haemodialysis patients. Chim Acta. Restoring glutathione as a therapeutic strategy stress in chronic renal failure. Free Radic Biol Med. Selenium and glutathione peroxidases in blood of The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular patients with different stages of chronic renal failure.

J events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a Trace Elem Med Biol. Yamamoto Y, Takahashi K. Glutathione peroxidase Red isolated from plasma reduces phospholipid blood cell and plasma glutathione peroxidase activities hydroperoxides. Arch Biochem Biophys. Oxidative disease: a review. Acta Biochim Pol. Low whole blood undergoing regular dialysis. Clin Chim Acta. The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, Erythropoietin and ascorbate and proteins to the total peroxyl radical-trapping oxidative stress in haemodialysis: beneficial effects of antioxidant activity of human blood plasma.

Biochim vitamin E supplementation. Biophys Acta. Tietze F. Enzymic method for quantitative determination Young IS. Effect of hemodialysis on total antioxidant of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: capacity and serum antioxidants in patients with chronic applications to mammalian blood and other tissues. Anal renal failure. Clin Chem. Quantitative Studies on the quantitative measurement of the total, peroxyl radical-trapping and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidase.

J Lab Clin Med. The important contribution made by plasma proteins. FEBS Lett. Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol. Age and gender dependent alterations in the activities of glutathione The ferric reducing ability of plasma related enzymes in healthy subjects. Clin Biochem. Anal Biochem. Relation of antioxidants B. View 1 excerpt, cites methods. International journal of molecular sciences. Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in vitro improves several functions of peritoneal leucocytes from old mice approaching their values to those of adult animals. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Analysis of the thiol status of peripheral blood leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Journal of leukocyte biology.

View 2 excerpts, cites background. Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in immunology and immunopathology. View 3 excerpts, references background and methods.

Macrophages regulate intracellular glutathione levels of lymphocytes. Evidence for an immunoregulatory role of cysteine. Cellular immunology. View 2 excerpts, references background and methods. Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. View 2 excerpts, references background. In this study, GSH and glutathione S-transferase levels have been determined in 23 human ovarian tumor samples obtained prior to the onset of combination chemotherapy, and in 23 samples obtained after the development of acquired chemoresistance.

GSH levels were lo-fold greater in human ovarian tumor cells obtained after alkylating agent resistance developed, than in biopsy samples obtained prior to treatment. No significant changes in the expression of total glutathione S-transferases were seen in relation to prior drug exposure. The development of acquired resistance to alkylating agents is a major problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer. GSH concentration has been shown to increase in vitro radioresistance by 1.

Other studies have Patients studied suggested that the reduced radiosensitivity of human tu- Patients selected for assessment fell into four categories: mor cells which are resistant to alkylating and platinating a Patients with FIG0 Stage I and II disease undergoing agents may be directly or indirectly related to the elevated surgical debulking prior to the commencement of induc- GSH levels associated with resistance to these chemo- tion chemotherapy.

Human ovarian tissue samples This study has attempted to establish whether clinical Fifty-three biopsy samples were obtained from post- alkylating agent resistance is associated with elevated GSH menopausal patients: seven of these were histopatholog- levels, by examining the relationship between prior al- ically confirmed as luteal cysts 4 , or endometriosis 3.

Reprint requests to: Hilmar M. Warenius, Ph. We are also indebted to Mr. Paul Browning and Mr. David Acknowledgements-The authors gratefully acknowledge the Spiller for the operation of the flow cytometer.

England; and the participation of the referring surgeons, without whose collaboration this work would not have been possible. Radiation Oncology 0 Biology 0 Physics Volume Number 3. Solid ovarian samples removed imens obtained from multiple biopsies of the same patient. The disaggregated tissue and cells were ovaries or when the ascites samples were temporally sep- collected by centrifugation, resuspended in DMEM, and arated by a period of greater than one week.

The cells were The considerable heterogeneity of cells and conse- washed twice in DMEM, any residual blood cells lysed quently protein content within the biopsy samples neces- by hypotonic shock 10 min at 0. The period over which the required the treated and untreated categories Fig.

The mean of the tween patients, but did not exceed 2. Following cen- individual samples within each category has also been trifugation, the ascites cells were washed four times in presented in Table 1.

DMEM, and the red blood cells lysed by hypotonic shock. Aliquots were then re- moved for the determination of glutathione and protein The levels of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase content, measurement of glutathione S-transferase activ- have been determined in 53 ovarian biopsy samples, ob- ity, and flow cytometric determination of nuclear DNA tained from 42 patients.

Seven of these samples were non- and protein content. Histopathologically plastic, untreated and treated tissue was performed using confirmed malignant samples were only included in this the Mann-Whitney U Test The cellular GSH and GST content of these S-transferase activity four histopathologically confirmed malignant samples Determination of cellular protein content.

All tlow cytofluoro- pressed relative to cellular protein content, but were com- metric measurements were carried out on a Becton Dick- parable to those previously reported 15 in partially pu- inson FACS flow cytometer, equipped with a Spectra- rified ascites samples.

Analysis of the GSH and protein Physics SW argon ion laser, routinely used at mW at levels within cells isolated immediately after paracentesis, the nm line. Flow cytofluorometric analysis of the biopsy samples did not detect any marked decrease in the ratio 0. The cellular GSH levels within the samples relative to the time elapsed since the last dose of chemotherapy are depicted in Figure 2.

Although there appears to be no overall pattern, in three of the four sequential samples obtained from individual patients, there was a post-treat- ment decline in GSH levels. Prior exposure to chemo- therapy would also appear to have altered the cellular protein content of tumor cells Table l , although there ' was a differential effect in solid and ascites-derived cells, As Sol Sol As resulting in a 3.

Each symbol represents the mean of four measure- ments; the population mean is depicted as a horizontal broken In this paper, we have examined GSH and GST levels line. I , cellular protein in ovarian tumor cells isolated from solid a phenomenon previously demonstrated in ovarian cell tumours which had received prior chemotherapy, and in lines established from ascites samples obtained before and untreated tumour cells, indicated that prior drug exposure after the onset of resistance to chemotherapy 17, Similar analysis which suggested that there were karyotypic differences be- Table 1.

Glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels in human ovarian biopsy samples Normal Untreated Untreated Treated Treated solid solid ascites solid ascites No. Number 3, the samples obtained from patients who had not received any chemotherapy for over 3 years, was significantly greater than the mean values obtained from untreated samples, suggests that chemotherapy may have induced some permanent alteration in the cellular GSH levels.

K; 0 : patient B. K; and A : ethacrynic acid, and the scheduling of drug, and possibly patient G. Future confirmation of the ex- surements, standard error bars are shown only where they exceed the dimensions of the symbols. The motherapy 29 we did not detect any changes in the GSH content of macrophages, and lymphocytes is known ratio of hypertetraploid to normal cells in the four patients to be less than tumor GSH levels, but will contribute to on whom sequential studies were possible.

Post-treatment reduction in GSH levels induction chemotherapy, suggesting an association with within sequential ascitic samples has also been noted in the development of acquired clinical alkylating agent re- murine granulocytes following cyclophosphamide chal- sistance. This clinical data, which is in agreement with lenge 3.

This decrease in GSH levels was independent previous in vitro data on cultured ovarian cells 17, 29 of the elimination of malignant cells, suggesting that the suggests that these experimental systems contribute an observed post chemotherapy elevation of GSH levels, may appropriate model in which to further study mechanisms not have been the result of a permanent genotypic alter- of alkylating agent resistance, and collateral radioresis- ation.